|
The Ural-Siberian method〔(ロシア語:Урало-сибирский метод хлебозаготовок).〕 was an extraordinary approach launched in the Soviet Union for the collection of grain from the countryside. It was introduced in Urals and Siberia, hence the name.〔("The Ural-Siberian Method of Grain Procurement:In Search of an Optimal Variant" ), ''Humanitarian Sciences in Siberia'' (Гуманитарные науки в Сибири), 2006, no 2, (pp. 20–26 ) 〕 The Ural-Siberian method was a return to the drastic policies that had characterized War Communism in the period prior to Lenin’s New Economic Policy. 〔"The War Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930: The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside", Volume one (Annals of Communism Series), 2005,ISBN 0-300-10612-2, section "The Ural-Siberian Method and the Intensification of Repression", (119–123 ) 〕 Criticized by the Right Opposition for being a restoration of extraordinary measures, it was nevertheless approved and eventually received legislative support in June 1929. 〔 ==History== During 1928/1929 various suggestions were put forth to increase the efficiency of grain procurement.〔 The initial version of the Ural-Siberian method was first suggested by Ural ''obkom'' of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), basing on the actual practice used there in 1928. The Bolshevik Politburo approved the suggestion on March 20, 1929 and recommended to use in eastern regions of the Soviet Union. Siberian ''raikom'' significantly contributed to this approach (particularly, it suggested ''pyatikratka'', see below), and therefore at the April 1928 Plenum of Central Committee and Central Control Committee of the CPSU, Joseph Stalin dubbed this method as "Ural-Siberian".〔 The approach resembled that of ''Kombeds'' (Poor Peasants Committees) of 1918-1919s. The village assemblies endorsed the grain procurement plans for their villages and set up the commissions which assigned individual quotas according to the "class approach": it was supposed that kulaks (rich peasants) would be forced to deliver their surplus grain. Kulaks who failed to meet their quotas were fined the amount up to five times the quota, the fine colloquially known as ''pyatikratka'' ("five-timer"). Further refusal resulted in up to one year of forced labor camps, and in the case of group resistance, up to two years of confinement with confiscation of property and subsequent internal exile. This practice anticipated the policy of "dekulakization". 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ural-Siberian method」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|